I'm lying here dying, Mom....
I wish you'd get here soon.
How could this happen to me, Mom?
My life just burst like a balloon....
< To download click on this link. >
Q:- Who discovered the first cell?
-> Robert Hooke...
Robert Hooke discovered the cell in England in 1665.He took microscopy as a hobby and used to view various specimen under his microscope. Once he was looking at a cork through a microscope and found small boxes he called cells.Since corks are made from the oak trees, they were made up of cells. He named it a cell because it reminded him of a monks cell in a monastery.That ís how the cell was discovered.
Robert Hooke was born in 1635 in Freshwater on the Isle of Wight to John Hooke and Cecily Gyles. As a youth, Robert Hooke was fascinated by observation, mechanical works, and drawing, interests. In 1665 Hooke published Micrographia, a book describing his microscopic and telescopic obs
ervations, and some original work in biology.Apart from his work in biology Hooke is principally known for his law in elasticity ie; Hooke's law.
ervations, and some original work in biology.Apart from his work in biology Hooke is principally known for his law in elasticity ie; Hooke's law.He also assisted Robert Boyle and built the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's gas law experiments.
Hooke was an important architect of his time, and a chief surveyor to the City of London after the Great Fire. He built some of the earliest Gregorian telescopes, observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter, and, based on his observations of fossils, was an early proponent of biological evolution.
Hooke was an important architect of his time, and a chief surveyor to the City of London after the Great Fire. He built some of the earliest Gregorian telescopes, observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter, and, based on his observations of fossils, was an early proponent of biological evolution.
He investigated the phenomenon of refraction, deducing the wave theory of light, and was the first to suggest that matter expands when heated and that air is made of small particles separated by relatively large distances. He also deduced from experiments that gravity follows an inverse square law, and that such a relation governs the motions of the planets, an idea which was subsequently developed by Newton. Much of Hooke's work was conducted in his capacity as curator of experiments of the Royal Society, a post he held from 1662.
Q:- Who discovered D.N.A?
-> James Watson and Francis Crick...
Deoxyribonucleic acid or popularly known as DNA is a nucleic acid that contains a genetic code used in the development and functioning of all living organisms.The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes.The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information.
The race to find the structure of DNA in the early 1950's was in full swing. At the Cavendish in Cambridge, England, Watson and Crick were studying together. Watson was doing postdoctoral work, and Crick was working toward his doctorate.
Dr. Crick was a scientist with a thirst to understand and his collaboration with
Dr. Watson that made possible the discovery of the structure of DNA, a feat that neither would have accomplished without the other.It was the discovery of the structure of DNA resolved longstanding questions about the nature of the hereditary material and the manner in which it is copied as one generation succeeds another. Their proposal for the structure, was almost immediately accepted,because it showed how biology, evolution and the nature of life itself could fundamentally be explained in terms of physics and chemistry.
The names of Francis Crick and James D. Watson,in the discovery of the structure of DNA, may be remembered as long as those of Darwin and Mendel, the architects of the two pillars of modern biology: the theory of evolution and the laws of genetics...
-> James Watson and Francis Crick...
Deoxyribonucleic acid or popularly known as DNA is a nucleic acid that contains a genetic code used in the development and functioning of all living organisms.The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes.The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information.
The race to find the structure of DNA in the early 1950's was in full swing. At the Cavendish in Cambridge, England, Watson and Crick were studying together. Watson was doing postdoctoral work, and Crick was working toward his doctorate.
Dr. Crick was a scientist with a thirst to understand and his collaboration with
Dr. Watson that made possible the discovery of the structure of DNA, a feat that neither would have accomplished without the other.It was the discovery of the structure of DNA resolved longstanding questions about the nature of the hereditary material and the manner in which it is copied as one generation succeeds another. Their proposal for the structure, was almost immediately accepted,because it showed how biology, evolution and the nature of life itself could fundamentally be explained in terms of physics and chemistry.
The names of Francis Crick and James D. Watson,in the discovery of the structure of DNA, may be remembered as long as those of Darwin and Mendel, the architects of the two pillars of modern biology: the theory of evolution and the laws of genetics...
Q: - The famous journal “Arthshastra” was written by which great intellectual?
-> Chanakya.
Kautilya or Vishnugupta also known as Chanakya documented his life-long work in this book Arthashastra which was written in (283-350 BCE). Arthshastra the science of politics and economics is also known as Dandniti, Nitishastra, Rajniti and so on. It dealt not only with political theories and organisation of administrative machinery but also subjects connected with state and society, which today are clubbed under sociology, law and economics.
It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. According to Kautilya the wise and virtuous king is one who has:-
-Has self-control;
-Cultivates the intellect by association with elders;
-Keeps his eyes open through spies;
-Is ever active in promoting the security & welfare of the people;
-Ensures the observance by people of their dharma by authority & example;
-Improves his own discipline by learning in all branches of knowledge;
-And endears himself to his people by enriching them & doing good to them.
Chanakya was responsible for bringing down the Nanda dynasty and establishing his able student Chandragupta Maurya on the throne as the emperor and he was later made the prime minister of Maurya Empire. Hence, he is called a King Maker. He is also credited with having masterminded the defeat of Alexander the Great in India, when he was on his march to conquer the world.
For ages, rulers across the world have referred to the Arthashastra for building a nation on sound economics, based on spiritual values. Emperor Ashoka is supposed to have built and expanded his kingdom on the principles described in this book. Shivaji, the ruler of the Indian state of Maharashtra, is said to have studied this book in order to plan and defeat the Mughals.
It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. According to Kautilya the wise and virtuous king is one who has:-
-Has self-control;
-Cultivates the intellect by association with elders;
-Keeps his eyes open through spies;
-Is ever active in promoting the security & welfare of the people;
-Ensures the observance by people of their dharma by authority & example;
-Improves his own discipline by learning in all branches of knowledge;
-And endears himself to his people by enriching them & doing good to them.
Chanakya was responsible for bringing down the Nanda dynasty and establishing his able student Chandragupta Maurya on the throne as the emperor and he was later made the prime minister of Maurya Empire. Hence, he is called a King Maker. He is also credited with having masterminded the defeat of Alexander the Great in India, when he was on his march to conquer the world.
For ages, rulers across the world have referred to the Arthashastra for building a nation on sound economics, based on spiritual values. Emperor Ashoka is supposed to have built and expanded his kingdom on the principles described in this book. Shivaji, the ruler of the Indian state of Maharashtra, is said to have studied this book in order to plan and defeat the Mughals.
Q:- Who was the founder of 'Ramkrishna Mission'?
-> Swami Vivekananda...
The Ramakrishna Mission Emblem designed and explained by Swami Vivekananda :-
The wavy waters in the picture are symbolic of Karma; the lotus, of Bhakti; and the rising-sun, of Jnana. The encircling serpent is indicative of Yoga and the awakened Kundalini Shakti, while the swan in the picture stands for Paramatman (Supreme Self). Therefore, the idea of the picture is that by the union of Karma, Jnana, Bhakti and Yoga, the vision of Paramatman is obtained.
The Mission conducts extensive work in healthcare, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture through its 114 centers spread across India. It uses the combined efforts of hundreds of ordered monks and thousands of householder disciples. The Mission bases its work on the principles of karma yoga.
Swami Vivekananda started the Ramakrishna Mission on 1 May 1897. Among all the disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, Narendranath (Vivekananda) was the foremost, and his dearest, too. From the very first day, Sri Ramakrishna knew that he would be the carrier of his message. Sri Ramakrishna knew Narendra better than Narendra knew himself. A few days after Narendra's first visit to Dakshineswar, Sri Ramakrishna sent him into Samadhi by a mere touch, and as Sri Ramakrishna said later, while Narendra was in that state, by asking him questions, Sri Ramakrishna came to know everything about him who Narendra actually was and what his mission on earth would be.
When Narendra expressed his desire to remain absorbed in Samadhi forever, he was met with a rebuff. A visibly displeased Sri Ramakrishna said to Narendra that he did not expect such 'narrow-mindedness' from Narendra, that he wanted to see Narendra grow up like a large banyan tree to provide shelter and solace to afflicted humanity. We do not come across any other instance when Sri Ramakrishna gave similar instruction to other disciples. This instruction was particularly reserved for the future leader of 'his' Sangha which was to teach mankind to look upon man as the living God, and service to him as worship.
The first step to fulfil this mission was his participation in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago and thereby the spiritual conquest of the West. While in the West, he was equally charmed by the united and concerted endeavours of its people. Therefore through letters he repeatedly urged his brother-disciples to work conjointly in India. He gave similar calls to Alasinga Perumal and other South Indian devotees and admirers and inspired them to sacrifice their lives in the service of man-god.
On returning to Calcutta from the West, he convened a meeting of brother-monks, devotees and admirers of Sri Ramakrishna on 1 May 1897 at the house of Balaram Basu at Bagbazar.
The wavy waters in the picture are symbolic of Karma; the lotus, of Bhakti; and the rising-sun, of Jnana. The encircling serpent is indicative of Yoga and the awakened Kundalini Shakti, while the swan in the picture stands for Paramatman (Supreme Self). Therefore, the idea of the picture is that by the union of Karma, Jnana, Bhakti and Yoga, the vision of Paramatman is obtained.
The Mission conducts extensive work in healthcare, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture through its 114 centers spread across India. It uses the combined efforts of hundreds of ordered monks and thousands of householder disciples. The Mission bases its work on the principles of karma yoga.
Swami Vivekananda started the Ramakrishna Mission on 1 May 1897. Among all the disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, Narendranath (Vivekananda) was the foremost, and his dearest, too. From the very first day, Sri Ramakrishna knew that he would be the carrier of his message. Sri Ramakrishna knew Narendra better than Narendra knew himself. A few days after Narendra's first visit to Dakshineswar, Sri Ramakrishna sent him into Samadhi by a mere touch, and as Sri Ramakrishna said later, while Narendra was in that state, by asking him questions, Sri Ramakrishna came to know everything about him who Narendra actually was and what his mission on earth would be.
When Narendra expressed his desire to remain absorbed in Samadhi forever, he was met with a rebuff. A visibly displeased Sri Ramakrishna said to Narendra that he did not expect such 'narrow-mindedness' from Narendra, that he wanted to see Narendra grow up like a large banyan tree to provide shelter and solace to afflicted humanity. We do not come across any other instance when Sri Ramakrishna gave similar instruction to other disciples. This instruction was particularly reserved for the future leader of 'his' Sangha which was to teach mankind to look upon man as the living God, and service to him as worship.
The first step to fulfil this mission was his participation in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago and thereby the spiritual conquest of the West. While in the West, he was equally charmed by the united and concerted endeavours of its people. Therefore through letters he repeatedly urged his brother-disciples to work conjointly in India. He gave similar calls to Alasinga Perumal and other South Indian devotees and admirers and inspired them to sacrifice their lives in the service of man-god.
On returning to Calcutta from the West, he convened a meeting of brother-monks, devotees and admirers of Sri Ramakrishna on 1 May 1897 at the house of Balaram Basu at Bagbazar.
Q:- The most famous of Indian dramas 'Shakuntala' was written by?
-> Kalidas...
It is estimated that he survived around the middle of the 4th or 5th century A.D. This was the reign of Chandragupta, the successor of Kumaragupta. The poems he wrote were usually of epic proportions and were written in classical Sanskrit. His creations were used for fine arts like music and dance.
Kalidasa resided at the palace of Chandragupta in Pataliputra (modern day Patna). He was one of the gems of the court of Chandragupta. According to legends, Kalidasa was blessed with good looks. This attracted a princess with whom he fell in love. Since Kalidas was not too good in intellect and wit, the princess rejected him. Kalidasa is said to have called upon his goddess for help when he was going to commit suicide in a pond after he was betrayed by his wife, and was rewarded with a sudden and extraordinary gift of wit. Thus making him one of the "nine gems" in the court of Chandragupta. Legend also has it that he was murdered by a courtesan in Sri Lanka during the reign of Kumaradasa.
The Shakuntalam tells the story of king Dushyant who falls in love with a beautiful girl Shakuntala, who happens to be the daughter of a saint. They get married and lead a happy life until one day, the king is asked to travel somewhere. In his absence, a sage curses Shakuntala as she offends him unknowingly by not acknowledging his presence.
Due to the curse, Dushyant's entire memory is wiped off and he doesn't remember his marriage or Shakuntala. But the sage feels pity for her and gives a solution that he will remember everything if he sees the ring given to her by Dushyant. But she loses the ring one day in the river while bathing. After a series of incidents, a fisherman who finds the ring inside a fish rushes to the king with the ring. The king then recalls everything and rushes to Shakuntala to apologize for his actions. She forgives him and they live happily ever after.
One of the other famous poem written by Kalidas was 'Meghdoot' (Cloud messenger).
-> Kalidas...
It is estimated that he survived around the middle of the 4th or 5th century A.D. This was the reign of Chandragupta, the successor of Kumaragupta. The poems he wrote were usually of epic proportions and were written in classical Sanskrit. His creations were used for fine arts like music and dance.
Kalidasa resided at the palace of Chandragupta in Pataliputra (modern day Patna). He was one of the gems of the court of Chandragupta. According to legends, Kalidasa was blessed with good looks. This attracted a princess with whom he fell in love. Since Kalidas was not too good in intellect and wit, the princess rejected him. Kalidasa is said to have called upon his goddess for help when he was going to commit suicide in a pond after he was betrayed by his wife, and was rewarded with a sudden and extraordinary gift of wit. Thus making him one of the "nine gems" in the court of Chandragupta. Legend also has it that he was murdered by a courtesan in Sri Lanka during the reign of Kumaradasa.
The Shakuntalam tells the story of king Dushyant who falls in love with a beautiful girl Shakuntala, who happens to be the daughter of a saint. They get married and lead a happy life until one day, the king is asked to travel somewhere. In his absence, a sage curses Shakuntala as she offends him unknowingly by not acknowledging his presence.
Due to the curse, Dushyant's entire memory is wiped off and he doesn't remember his marriage or Shakuntala. But the sage feels pity for her and gives a solution that he will remember everything if he sees the ring given to her by Dushyant. But she loses the ring one day in the river while bathing. After a series of incidents, a fisherman who finds the ring inside a fish rushes to the king with the ring. The king then recalls everything and rushes to Shakuntala to apologize for his actions. She forgives him and they live happily ever after.
One of the other famous poem written by Kalidas was 'Meghdoot' (Cloud messenger).
just want to tell Listen to your heart...
<click on this link to download:->
Q:- Which was the first computer virus?-> Elk Cloner...
It was written around 1982 by a 15-year-old high school student named Rich Skrenta for Apple II systems.
It was a boot sector virus. Whenever a infected floppy disk was used for booting a computer a copy of the virus was placed in the computer memory. And when a disk was inserted elk cloner would get copied to the disk thus spreading from system to system. In every 50th boot it would display a short poem:-
Elk Cloner: The program with a personality
It will get on all your disks
It will infiltrate your chips
Yes, it's Cloner! It will stick to you like glue
It will modify RAM too Send in the Cloner!
However Elk cloner did not caused any deliberate damage.
A computer virus is a program that in one way or other infects other programs by either modifying or destroying them and it also spreads or propagates or has the potential to do so.
A computer virus has at least the following four characteristics:- 1) It is a set of computer instructions, 2) It is deliberately created, 3) It propagates using host programs, 4) It does undesirable things like causing damage or spoiling the operational mechanism.
There are different types of computer viruses with different objectives but they can be classified into two types:- 1) Resident viruses, 2) Non-resident viruses.
Resident viruses are those which on execution install their code in memory and infect other programs from there. Whereas non-resident viruses do not install themselves in memory but spread when an infected program is run.
There are four distinct phases of infection by a computer virus. They are:-
1) The dormant phase: – In this phase the virus enter into system but does nothing destructive to arise the user suspicion. When one uses the infected at this stage he finds nothing abnormal and continues. This gives the virus a chance to go into the next phase of infection.
2) The propagation phase:- In propagation phase virus spreads as far as possible and infects other programs or disks. The virus also spreads into other systems via networking. This is the most damaging phase as the virus spreads from site to site, system to system and the user unknowingly helps in the propagation of virus.
3) Triggering phase: - The third phase or the triggering phase when the virus gets ready for the final act, that is, damaging.
4) The action phase: - Then comes the final stage of action which results in damage of the file.
Q:- Which is the largest river in the world?
-> Amazon river...
Amazon is the largest river in the world because it contains more water than any other river on earth. It contains about 25% of all the water (excepitng sea water) that run's off the earth surface.The Amazon rises high up in the Andes mountains in Peru, flows across a length of 6448 km from northern Brazil to the Atlantic ocean and on the way it is fed by about 15,000 tributaries and sub-tributaries.
The Amazon begins with snowbound lakes and brooks, and from the confluence of two major headstreams, the Maranon and Ucayali, the river is called Amazon.
Amazon was first discovered by Vicente Yanez pinzon in 1499, a Spanish sea captain who was a part of Columbus crew in his great voyage. As pizon was sailing out of sight off the coast, he discovered that he was voyaging through a fresh water. He moved to shorewards to investigate and then anchored in the mouth of vast river.
One of the most intriguing things about the amazon is that its tributaries are of different colors. The true source of main river is 5,240 meters above sea level in Peruvian Andes, and this starts off as white or dirty yellow. Many of its other tributaries which originate in northwest Brazil and Venezuela are apparently black in color. In fact these rivers are very clear and dark red in color because they flow of ancient bare rock formations and laden with iron.
The Amazon begins with snowbound lakes and brooks, and from the confluence of two major headstreams, the Maranon and Ucayali, the river is called Amazon.
Amazon was first discovered by Vicente Yanez pinzon in 1499, a Spanish sea captain who was a part of Columbus crew in his great voyage. As pizon was sailing out of sight off the coast, he discovered that he was voyaging through a fresh water. He moved to shorewards to investigate and then anchored in the mouth of vast river.
One of the most intriguing things about the amazon is that its tributaries are of different colors. The true source of main river is 5,240 meters above sea level in Peruvian Andes, and this starts off as white or dirty yellow. Many of its other tributaries which originate in northwest Brazil and Venezuela are apparently black in color. In fact these rivers are very clear and dark red in color because they flow of ancient bare rock formations and laden with iron.
Q:- Who is called the Father of Indian Nuclear Science?
-> Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha.
Dr. Bhabha was born on October 30, 1909 in Bombay (Mumbai) in a wealthy Parsi family. He had his education in Bombay. After graduating from Elphinstone College and Royal Institute of Science in Bombay, he went to Cambridge University for further studies. From there he got his engineering degree in 1930 and a Ph.D in 1934.
During his stay at Cambridge university he worked with Niels Bohr on Quantum Theory. Later Bhabha worked with Walter Heitler in the field of cosmic rays. He didi significant work in identifying the elementary particles called mesons.
Bhabha returned to India in 1940 and was first appointed as a Reader and then a Professor of physics at Indian Institute of Science (IIS), Bangalore. Then he started work on cosmic
rays. In 1945, he founded the Tata Institute of fundemental Research and became its Director.
His achivements in science and friendship with then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, enabled him to get government finances for atomic programmes and research. Dr. Bhabha became the first chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 1948.
Under his able Guidence Indian Scientist worked towards the development of atomic energy; and the first atomic reactor of asia Apsara went into operation in 1956 at Trombay near Bombay..
Unfortunately, he died in an air accident on january 24, 1966 when he was going to attend an international conference. He was a great son of India and his contributions in nuclear science gave India a giant leap in the field of science and technology. In his honour, Homi Jehangir Bhabha award has been instituted by the Indian National Science Academy.
-> Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha.
Dr. Bhabha was born on October 30, 1909 in Bombay (Mumbai) in a wealthy Parsi family. He had his education in Bombay. After graduating from Elphinstone College and Royal Institute of Science in Bombay, he went to Cambridge University for further studies. From there he got his engineering degree in 1930 and a Ph.D in 1934.
During his stay at Cambridge university he worked with Niels Bohr on Quantum Theory. Later Bhabha worked with Walter Heitler in the field of cosmic rays. He didi significant work in identifying the elementary particles called mesons.
Bhabha returned to India in 1940 and was first appointed as a Reader and then a Professor of physics at Indian Institute of Science (IIS), Bangalore. Then he started work on cosmic
rays. In 1945, he founded the Tata Institute of fundemental Research and became its Director.His achivements in science and friendship with then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, enabled him to get government finances for atomic programmes and research. Dr. Bhabha became the first chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 1948.
Under his able Guidence Indian Scientist worked towards the development of atomic energy; and the first atomic reactor of asia Apsara went into operation in 1956 at Trombay near Bombay..
Unfortunately, he died in an air accident on january 24, 1966 when he was going to attend an international conference. He was a great son of India and his contributions in nuclear science gave India a giant leap in the field of science and technology. In his honour, Homi Jehangir Bhabha award has been instituted by the Indian National Science Academy.
Q:- From when was the holiday of Sunday started?
-> 1843.
Sunday was considered as holiday because it was explained in the bible that god made the earth in seven days and he rested on the seventh day making it the sabbath day a holy day.
Also, the Roman calendar included the day of the Sun for worship of the sun .On 7 March 321, Constantine I. Rome's first Christian Emperor decreed that Sunday would be observed as the Roman day of rest.
Many Christians today consider Sunday to be Sabbath, a holy day and a day of rest and church-attendance. Sunday is considered a non-working day in many countries of the world, and is part of "the weekend". Countries predominantly influenced by Jewish or Islamic religions have Friday or Saturday as a weekly non-working day instead.
-> 1843.
Sunday was considered as holiday because it was explained in the bible that god made the earth in seven days and he rested on the seventh day making it the sabbath day a holy day.
Also, the Roman calendar included the day of the Sun for worship of the sun .On 7 March 321, Constantine I. Rome's first Christian Emperor decreed that Sunday would be observed as the Roman day of rest.
Many Christians today consider Sunday to be Sabbath, a holy day and a day of rest and church-attendance. Sunday is considered a non-working day in many countries of the world, and is part of "the weekend". Countries predominantly influenced by Jewish or Islamic religions have Friday or Saturday as a weekly non-working day instead.
Q:- Who is called the father of Modern Chemistry?
-> Antoine Laurent Lavoisier.
He was the man who first proved that air contains two gases oxygen and nitrogen. Also, he established that when a substance is burnt it combines with oxygen in air. It really moved chemistry to the modern age because it explained for the first time what really happened during burning.
Antonie Laurent Lavoisier was born on August 26, 1746 in Paris. After completing his education he first became lawyer and worked as a tax collector. And in his spare time he conducted research work.
He did a great deal of research in combustion. In 1772, he proved through an experiment that the ash from burnt metals is heavier than the original metals. He was the first person to pronounce the 'Law of Conservation of Matter'.
Lavoisier published his major discoveries in a book called Elementary treatise on chemistry. The book contained the first published table on chemical elements.
After the French Revolution of 1789, Lavoisier was willing to help the government. But because of his political leanings and his job as a tax collector with the earlier government, he was put to death by guillotine on 8 may 1794.
Antonie Laurent Lavoisier was born on August 26, 1746 in Paris. After completing his education he first became lawyer and worked as a tax collector. And in his spare time he conducted research work.
He did a great deal of research in combustion. In 1772, he proved through an experiment that the ash from burnt metals is heavier than the original metals. He was the first person to pronounce the 'Law of Conservation of Matter'.
Lavoisier published his major discoveries in a book called Elementary treatise on chemistry. The book contained the first published table on chemical elements.
After the French Revolution of 1789, Lavoisier was willing to help the government. But because of his political leanings and his job as a tax collector with the earlier government, he was put to death by guillotine on 8 may 1794.
This is a message from the person we all admire.. He has a vision which he wants us to fulfill. Have a look on the message and realize your responsibility...
< Click on this link to download:->
Q:- In which year was the first five year plan started in India?
-> 4 April 1951...
The launching of the First Five Year Plan in April 1951 initiated a process of planned economic development of the country—aiming not merely at raising the standard of living of the people, but also opening out to them new opportunities for a richer and a more varied life. 
This was sought to be achieved by planning for growth and social justice.
The first five year plan India (1951-1956) had been presented by the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in the Indian Parliament on 8th December, 1951. The total plan budget was estimated to be 206.8 billion INR. This amount was allocated to various areas like:-
1) Industry, 2) Social services, 3) Land rehabilitation, 4) Energy and irrigation, 5) Communications and transport, 6) Community and agriculture development.
The target of GDP growth in the first five year plan of India was 2.1% per year and the actual growth of GDP that was achieved had been 3.6% per year. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra Nangal Dam and Hirakud Dam. At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions.
This was sought to be achieved by planning for growth and social justice.The first five year plan India (1951-1956) had been presented by the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in the Indian Parliament on 8th December, 1951. The total plan budget was estimated to be 206.8 billion INR. This amount was allocated to various areas like:-
1) Industry, 2) Social services, 3) Land rehabilitation, 4) Energy and irrigation, 5) Communications and transport, 6) Community and agriculture development.
The target of GDP growth in the first five year plan of India was 2.1% per year and the actual growth of GDP that was achieved had been 3.6% per year. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra Nangal Dam and Hirakud Dam. At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions.
Q:- In which state the three tier 'PANCHAYATI RAJ' system first introduced?
-> Rajasthan...
From the time of Rig-Veda in 1200 B.C evidence of self- governing village bodies called Sabah exist. By the passage of time these village bodies had grown into Panchayats. Panchayat means a council of five persons. This village Panchayat had large powers both judicial and executive. But during the British regime the Panchayati Raj system almost vanished due to the growth of local courts.
Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, as a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own governance. He coined the term "Gram Swaraj", which when translated into English means “Independent Village
Republics”. After the Independence of India in 1952 the Community Development Program was the first step in this direction. It was expected to induce transformation in the rural areas with a focus on agriculture. However, it failed to involve the rural masses to take decisions because of excessive bureaucratic control.
The Balwantrai Mehta Committee was then set in 1957 to make recommendations on new structure to be created to involve local people in the development process. The committee recommended the "establishment of an interconnected three-tier organizational structure of democratic decentralization at the village, block and district levels".
This led to the enactment of the Panchayati Raj Acts in various states. Jawaharlal Nehru inaugurated the first generation of Panchayat Raj at “Nagaur in Rajasthan on 2 October 1959”.
-> Rajasthan...
From the time of Rig-Veda in 1200 B.C evidence of self- governing village bodies called Sabah exist. By the passage of time these village bodies had grown into Panchayats. Panchayat means a council of five persons. This village Panchayat had large powers both judicial and executive. But during the British regime the Panchayati Raj system almost vanished due to the growth of local courts.
Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj, as a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own governance. He coined the term "Gram Swaraj", which when translated into English means “Independent Village
Republics”. After the Independence of India in 1952 the Community Development Program was the first step in this direction. It was expected to induce transformation in the rural areas with a focus on agriculture. However, it failed to involve the rural masses to take decisions because of excessive bureaucratic control.The Balwantrai Mehta Committee was then set in 1957 to make recommendations on new structure to be created to involve local people in the development process. The committee recommended the "establishment of an interconnected three-tier organizational structure of democratic decentralization at the village, block and district levels".
This led to the enactment of the Panchayati Raj Acts in various states. Jawaharlal Nehru inaugurated the first generation of Panchayat Raj at “Nagaur in Rajasthan on 2 October 1959”.
Q:- Who was the founder of Indian National Congress?
-> Sir Allan Octavian Hume...
A. O. Hume was a civil servant in British India. He is called the “father of Indian Ornithology” (branch of zoology that deals with the scientific study of birds). In 1849 he sailed to India and the following year joined the Bengal Civil Service at Etawah in the North-Western Provinces (now called Uttar Pradesh).
Hume retired from the civil service in 1882. In 1883 he wrote an open letter to the graduates of Calcutta University, calling upon them to form their own national political movement. Thus Congress was created to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians with the British Raj.
In May 1885, Hume secured the Viceroy's approval to create an "Indian National Union", which would be affiliated with the government and act as a platform to voice Indian public opinion. On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary, and Womesh Chandra Banerjee of Calcutta was elected President. Besides Hume, two additional British members (both Scottish civil servants) were members of the founding group. The other members were mostly Hindus from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. The congress was initially a educated and wealthy people’s institution.
The ordinary people of India were not informed or concerned of its existence on the whole, for the Congress never attempted to address the issues of poverty, lack of health care, social oppression and the prejudiced negligence of the people's concerns by British authorities.
Later the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement. Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like Bal Gan
gadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mohammed Ali Jinnah all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians: Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the National Association and later Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons, the first Indian to win a seat there.
By 1907 the party was split into two halves: the Garam Dal of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists, and the Naram Dal of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates, distinguished by their attitude towards the British.
Mahatma Gandhi's success in defeating the British in Champaran and Kheda gave India its first victory in the struggle for freedom. Indians gained confidence that the Britishers could be let down, and millions of young people from across the country flooded into Congress membership.
-> Sir Allan Octavian Hume...
A. O. Hume was a civil servant in British India. He is called the “father of Indian Ornithology” (branch of zoology that deals with the scientific study of birds). In 1849 he sailed to India and the following year joined the Bengal Civil Service at Etawah in the North-Western Provinces (now called Uttar Pradesh).
Hume retired from the civil service in 1882. In 1883 he wrote an open letter to the graduates of Calcutta University, calling upon them to form their own national political movement. Thus Congress was created to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians with the British Raj.
In May 1885, Hume secured the Viceroy's approval to create an "Indian National Union", which would be affiliated with the government and act as a platform to voice Indian public opinion. On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary, and Womesh Chandra Banerjee of Calcutta was elected President. Besides Hume, two additional British members (both Scottish civil servants) were members of the founding group. The other members were mostly Hindus from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. The congress was initially a educated and wealthy people’s institution.
The ordinary people of India were not informed or concerned of its existence on the whole, for the Congress never attempted to address the issues of poverty, lack of health care, social oppression and the prejudiced negligence of the people's concerns by British authorities.
Later the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement. Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like Bal Gan
gadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mohammed Ali Jinnah all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians: Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the National Association and later Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons, the first Indian to win a seat there.By 1907 the party was split into two halves: the Garam Dal of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists, and the Naram Dal of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates, distinguished by their attitude towards the British.
Mahatma Gandhi's success in defeating the British in Champaran and Kheda gave India its first victory in the struggle for freedom. Indians gained confidence that the Britishers could be let down, and millions of young people from across the country flooded into Congress membership.
What is the ultimate quest of Man,Can U tell?
Know this from God himself in 'An interview...'
< To download the file please click on the link:- >
Friendz I got something which I really wanted to share with you.
It made me smile. And I'm sure after reading this you will also smile.
So enjoy it!
< To download this click on this link:->
It made me smile. And I'm sure after reading this you will also smile.
So enjoy it!
< To download this click on this link:->
Q:- Is Coral a plant or animal?
-> Animal...
Coral might look like rock or plants but they are made up of tiny, fragile animals called coral polyps. Each animal, called a polyp, has a hard skeleton and a soft body. This is attached to rock, or to the skeletons of dead polyps. What we sometimes see as flowers actually are the tentacles with which they capture food from water. Corals belong to th
e biological kingdom of Animalia because it relies on other animals for food (heterotrophy).
Corals live very close to the highest temperatures they can tolerate, and only need a small increase in temperature to kill them. When polyps die, these tough outer cases build on top of one another over the centuries forming the framework of massive coral reef. Big, colorful coral reef is found only in tropical and semitropical seas, such as Red sea. Coral reefs grow best at 7-20 meters below the surface of the sea, in clean water at 25-29 degree Celsius.
Current estimates suggest that reefs could take hundreds of years to recover. The loss of these fragile ecosystems would cost billions of dollars in lost revenue from tourism and fishing industries, as well as damage to coastal regions that are currently protected by the coral reefs that line most tropical coastlines.
-> Animal...
Coral might look like rock or plants but they are made up of tiny, fragile animals called coral polyps. Each animal, called a polyp, has a hard skeleton and a soft body. This is attached to rock, or to the skeletons of dead polyps. What we sometimes see as flowers actually are the tentacles with which they capture food from water. Corals belong to th
e biological kingdom of Animalia because it relies on other animals for food (heterotrophy).Corals live very close to the highest temperatures they can tolerate, and only need a small increase in temperature to kill them. When polyps die, these tough outer cases build on top of one another over the centuries forming the framework of massive coral reef. Big, colorful coral reef is found only in tropical and semitropical seas, such as Red sea. Coral reefs grow best at 7-20 meters below the surface of the sea, in clean water at 25-29 degree Celsius.
The Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland in Australia is the largest reef in the world. It stretches for 3000 km and covers an area of 344,400 sq km. The Great Barrier Reef has taken at least 15 million years to get its present size. The reef is so big that it can be seen from Moon. Thousands of tiny island in the Pacific Ocean are made entirely of Coral.
It will be interesting to know that Lakshadweep is a group of beautiful islands that is probably the one and the only chain of coral islands in the Indian sub-continent.
Coral reefs are useful to the environment and people in numerous ways.
For example,
It will be interesting to know that Lakshadweep is a group of beautiful islands that is probably the one and the only chain of coral islands in the Indian sub-continent.
Coral reefs are useful to the environment and people in numerous ways.
For example,
- they Protect shores from the impact of waves and from storms;
- Provide a lot of benefits to humans in the form of food
and medicine; - Provide economic benefits to local communities from tourism.
Current estimates suggest that reefs could take hundreds of years to recover. The loss of these fragile ecosystems would cost billions of dollars in lost revenue from tourism and fishing industries, as well as damage to coastal regions that are currently protected by the coral reefs that line most tropical coastlines.
Q:- Where are the Evergreen Forests usually found?
-> Monsoon Lands...
Evergreen forests are the forests which retain their green colors all year around. Evergreen forest are two types tropical and temprate.
Tropical evergreen forests usually occur in areas receiving more than 200cm of rainfall and having a temperature of 15 to 30 degrees Celsius. They occupy about seven per cent of the earth's land surface and harbour more than half of the world’s plants and animals. In India, evergreen forests are found in the western slopes of the Western Ghats in States such as Kerala and Karnataka. They are also found in hills of Jaintia and Khasi.
The trees most commonly found in Evergreen Forests are Rosewood, Mahogany, Ebony and Reeds.
Rosewood: - Rosewood refers to any of a number of richly hued timbers, often brownish with darker veining but found in many different hues. All rosewoods are strong and heavy. It is commonly used for wood turning, musical instrument making, furniture etc.
Mahogany: - The name mahogany is used when referring to numerous varieties of dark-colored wood, originally the wood of the species Swietenia mahagoni, known as West Indian or Cuban mahogany and ebony.
Ebony: - Ebony is a general name for very dense black wood. In the strict sense it is yielded by several species in the genus Diospyros, but other heavy, black woods are sometimes also called ebony.
Temperate evergreen forests are found mainly in regions like Asian-Russia, Canada and Northern Scandinavia, and Broadleaf evergreen forests are found in countries around the Mediterranean Sea like Lebanon and Morocco.
-> Monsoon Lands...
Evergreen forests are the forests which retain their green colors all year around. Evergreen forest are two types tropical and temprate.
Tropical evergreen forests usually occur in areas receiving more than 200cm of rainfall and having a temperature of 15 to 30 degrees Celsius. They occupy about seven per cent of the earth's land surface and harbour more than half of the world’s plants and animals. In India, evergreen forests are found in the western slopes of the Western Ghats in States such as Kerala and Karnataka. They are also found in hills of Jaintia and Khasi.
The trees most commonly found in Evergreen Forests are Rosewood, Mahogany, Ebony and Reeds.
Rosewood: - Rosewood refers to any of a number of richly hued timbers, often brownish with darker veining but found in many different hues. All rosewoods are strong and heavy. It is commonly used for wood turning, musical instrument making, furniture etc.
Mahogany: - The name mahogany is used when referring to numerous varieties of dark-colored wood, originally the wood of the species Swietenia mahagoni, known as West Indian or Cuban mahogany and ebony.
Ebony: - Ebony is a general name for very dense black wood. In the strict sense it is yielded by several species in the genus Diospyros, but other heavy, black woods are sometimes also called ebony.
Bamboo:- The bamboos are a group of woody perennial plant evergreen plants in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae and reed.
Reed (plant):- Reed is a generic botanical term used to describe numerous tall, grass-like plants of wet places, often forming reed beds, including: In the Poaceae family.
Temperate evergreen forests are found mainly in regions like Asian-Russia, Canada and Northern Scandinavia, and Broadleaf evergreen forests are found in countries around the Mediterranean Sea like Lebanon and Morocco.
Q:- How is the President of India selected?
-> President of India is selected by the elected members of LokSabha, RajyaSabha and the elected members of State Legislative Assembly...
Article 52 of the Constitution of India states that there shall be a President of India. In Indian Parliamentary democracy the President of India is the first citizen and represents the Indian nation and does not, therefore, belong to any particular political party. He is elected by the representatives of the people through an Electoral College.
Thus in the election of the President the citizens play no direct part and he is elected indirectly by the representatives or the people. The election of president is by single transferable vote system. The single transferable vote system is designed to ensure more diverse representation, by reducing the opportunity for blocks of voters to dominate minorities. The general principle is that the total votes cast by Members of Parliament equal the total votes cast by Legislators. Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states. Finally, the number of legislators in a state matters. If a state has a few legislators, then each legislator has relatively more votes; if a state has many legislators, then each legislator has fewer votes.
The process of election of the President of India is original and no other Constitution contains a similar procedure. If no candidate receives a majority of votes there is a system by which losing candidates are eliminated from the contest and votes for them transferred to other candidates, until one gain a majority.
Q:- Who were the first men to walk in space?
-> Aleksei Leonov...
A spacewalk, also called an extravehicular activity, is an activity performed in space by an astronaut attached by a tether to the outside of a spacecraft.
The Russian cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov was born on born May 30, 1934 in Listvyanka, Kemerovo Oblast. He was a airforce general and later a cosmonut.
The spacecraft was named Voskhod 2. On March 18, 1965, he became the first human to walk in space. He was outside the spacecraft for 12 minutes and nine seconds connected to the spacecraft by a 5.35 meter tether on 18 March 1965.
This mission was originally named 'Vykhod ('Exit/Advance'). It almost ended in disaster when Leonov was unable to re-enter the airlock due to stiffness of the inflated spacesuit. He had to bleed air from the suit in order to get into the airlock. After Leonov finally managed to get back into the spacecraft cabin, the primary hatch would not seal completely. The environmental control system compensated by flooding the cabin with oxygen, creating a serious fire hazard in the craft.However the mission was accomplished on 19th March 1965.
This is a film which was taken by internal and external cameras on the spacecraft, as well as by the cosmonauts showing the first space walk by Aleksei Leonov.
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